The evolution of engineering structural design in China from traditional empirical design to modern scientific design can be divided into three core stages: traditional empirical design, semi empirical and semi probabilistic design, and probabilistic limit state design.
Before the mid-20th century, China commonly used empirical design methods (such as engineering analogy method); From the mid-20th century to the 1980s, semi empirical and semi probabilistic design methods (such as safety factor method, allowable stress method, and damage stage design method) were gradually adopted; After the 1980s, the limit state design method based on probability theory was mainly adopted.
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