In traditional concrete construction, formwork engineering accounts for one-third to half of the total cost and construction period.
3D printed concrete (3DPC) technology is expected to completely break free from template constraints and achieve free-form, low material consumption construction.
However, topology optimization (TO) – a recognized material efficiency “miracle” – often generates structures that are too complex and seriously disconnected from the strict process limitations of 3DPC, such as fixed extrusion width, continuous path, and minimum turning radius.
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